Roentgenium (Rg) is a chemical element of the periodic table, located in the group 11 and the period 7, and has the atomic number 111. It is named after the German mechanical engineer, Wilhelm Röntgen, the discoverer of X-rays. It is a transuranium element and is counted as one of the radioactive elements.
On periodic table
| group | ⇨ | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 |
| period | ⇩ | ||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | 1 H  Hydrogen |
2 He  Helium |
|||||||||||||||||
| 2 | 3 Li  Lithium |
4 Be  Beryllium |
5 B  Boron |
6 C  Carbon |
7 N  Nitrogen |
8 O  Oxygen |
9 F  Fluorine |
10 Ne  Neon |
|||||||||||
| 3 | 11 Na  Sodium |
12 Mg  Magnesium |
13 Al  Aluminium |
14 Si  Silicon |
15 P  Phosphorus |
16 S  Sulfur |
17 Cl  Chlorine |
18 Ar  Argon |
|||||||||||
| 4 | 19 K  Potassium |
20 Ca  Calcium |
21 Sc  Scandium |
22 Ti  Titanium |
23 V  Vanadium |
24 Cr  Chromium |
25 Mn  Manganese |
26 Fe  Iron |
27 Co  Cobalt |
28 Ni  Nickel |
29 Cu  Copper |
30 Zn  Zinc |
31 Ga  Gallium |
32 Ge  Germanium |
33 As  Arsenic |
34 Se  Selenium |
35 Br  Bromine |
36 Kr  Krypton |
|
| 5 | 37 Rb  Rubidium |
38 Sr  Strontium |
39 Y  Yttrium |
40 Zr  Zirconium |
41 Nb  Niobium |
42 Mo  Molybdenum |
43 Tc  Technetium |
44 Ru  Ruthenium |
45 Rh  Rhodium |
46 Pd  Palladium |
47 Ag  Silver |
48 Cd  Cadmium |
49 In  Indium |
50 Sn  Tin |
51 Sb  Antimony |
52 Te  Tellurium |
53 I  Iodine |
54 Xe  Xenon |
|
| 6 | 55 Cs  Caesium |
56 Ba  Barium |
72 Hf  Hafnium |
73 Ta  Tantalum |
74 W  Tungsten |
75 Re  Rhenium |
76 Os  Osmium |
77 Ir  Iridium |
78 Pt  Platinum |
79 Au  Gold |
80 Hg  Mercury |
81 Tl  Thallium |
82 Pb  Lead |
83 Bi  Bismuth |
84 Po  Polonium |
85 At  Astatine |
86 Rn  Radon |
||
| 7 | 87 Fr  Francium |
88 Ra  Radium |
104 Rf  Rutherfordium |
105 Db  Dubnium |
106 Sg  Seaborgium |
107 Bh  Bohrium |
108 Hs  Hassium |
109 Mt  Meitnerium |
110 Ds  Darmstadtium |
111 Rg Roentgenium |
112 Cn  Copernicium |
113 Nh  Nihonium |
114 Fl  Flerovium |
115 Mc  Moscovium |
116 Lv  Livermorium |
117 Ts  Tennessine |
118 Og  Oganesson |
||
| 57 La  Lanthanum |
58 Ce  Cerium |
59 Pr  Praseodymium |
60 Nd  Neodymium |
61 Pm  Promethium |
62 Sm  Samarium |
63 Eu  Europium |
64 Gd  Gadolinium |
65 Tb  Terbium |
66 Dy  Dysprosium |
67 Ho  Holmium |
68 Er  Erbium |
69 Tm  Thulium |
70 Yb  Ytterbium |
71 Lu  Lutetium |
|||||
| 89 Ac  Actinium |
90 Th  Thorium |
91 Pa  Protactinium |
92 U  Uranium |
93 Np  Neptunium |
94 Pu  Plutonium |
95 Am  Americium |
96 Cm  Curium |
97 Bk  Berkelium |
98 Cf  Californium |
99 Es  Einsteinium |
100 Fm  Fermium |
101 Md  Mendelevium |
102 No  Nobelium |
103 Lr  Lawrencium |
|||||
| – d block |
Roentgenium is a d-block element, found in the eleventh column and the seventh row of the periodic table. It has the atomic number 111 and is denoted by the symbol Rg.
Element information
 |
|
| Origin of name | named after German mechanical engineer, Wilhelm Röntgen |
| Symbol | Rg |
| Atomic number (Z) | 111 |
| Atomic mass | (282) |
| Block | d-block |
| Group | 11 |
| Period | 7 |
| Classification | Unknown chemical properties |
| Atomic radius | 138 pm (predicted) |
| Covalent radius | 121 pm (estimated) |
| Electron configuration | [Rn] 5f14 6d9 7s2 (predicted) |
| Electrons per shell | 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 17, 2 (predicted) |
| Crystal structure | Body-centered cubic (bcc) (predicted) |
| Phase at r.t | Solid (predicted) |
| Density near r.t | 22-24 g/cm3 (predicted) |
| Natural occurrence | Synthetic |
| Oxidation state | +3 (predicted) |
| Protons Neutrons Electrons |
111 171 111 |
| CAS number | 54386-24-2 |
| Discovered at | Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung in 1994 |
History
Roentgenium was first synthesized in 1994 by a team of German researchers led by Sigurd Hofmann at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (GSI) in Darmstadt, Germany. It is named after the German physicist Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, who discovered X-rays in 1895.
The synthesis of roentgenium was achieved by bombarding bismuth-209 with high-energy nickel-64 ions in a heavy ion accelerator. After several months of irradiation and analysis, four atoms of roentgenium were detected, each with a mass number of 272.
The discovery of roentgenium was confirmed by a joint collaboration between scientists from the GSI and Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) in Dubna, Russia. The element was officially recognized by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) in 2004.
Due to its extreme rarity and short half-life, there are no known applications for roentgenium outside of scientific research. However, the discovery and synthesis of roentgenium contribute to the ongoing research in the field of superheavy elements and nuclear physics.
Occurrence and production
Roentgenium is a highly unstable and radioactive element, and it is not found naturally on Earth. It is a synthetic element that is produced in the laboratory through nuclear reactions.
The most common method used for the production of roentgenium is through nuclear fusion reactions. Scientists typically use a particle accelerator to collide a beam of a heavy nucleus, such as lead or bismuth, with a target made of a lighter nucleus, such as nickel or copper. The resulting nuclear reaction produces a new nucleus, which decays into roentgenium. The process is challenging and requires precise control over the colliding particles’ energies and the selection of appropriate target materials to increase the likelihood of producing roentgenium nuclei.
Another method used for the production of roentgenium is the cold fusion method, which involves the fusion of two lighter nuclei, such as titanium and lead. This method is more challenging and has not yet been successfully used to produce roentgenium on a large scale.
Properties
Physical properties
Roentgenium is a highly unstable element with a very short half-life, which makes it difficult to study its physical properties.
Its melting and boiling points are estimated to be around 2000 ℃ and 3800 ℃ respectively.
Roentgenium is expected to have a density of around 22-24 g/cm3.
Chemical properties
Roentgenium is a highly reactive element and is expected to be very unstable, with a very short half-life.
It is expected to have similar chemical properties to other group 11 elements such as copper, silver, and gold.
Roentgenium is predicted to form compounds with hydrogen, halogens, and oxygen, similar to other group 11 elements.
Due to its instability, roentgenium has no known practical applications.
Atomic properties
Roentgenium has an atomic number of 111 and an atomic mass of 282.
It is a member of group 11 and period 7 of the periodic table, located between darmstadtium and copernicium.
Roentgenium is a transactinide element, meaning it is a heavy element with an atomic number greater than 103.
Its electron configuration is predicted to be [Rn] 5f14 6d9 7s2.
Note: Some of these properties are theoretical predictions based on the element’s position on the periodic table and its expected behavior. Due to the element’s extreme instability, its properties cannot be directly measured and may be subject to change as further research is conducted.
Applications
Roentgenium has no practical applications outside of basic scientific research, due to its extremely short half-life and limited production. However, research on roentgenium and other superheavy elements can contribute to our understanding of the fundamental properties of matter and the structure of the periodic table.
Interesting facts
Roentgenium is named after Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, who discovered X-rays in 1895.
Roentgenium was first synthesized in 1994 by a team of German scientists at the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research in Darmstadt.
The element has only been produced in very small amounts, and its properties are still not well known due to its short half-life.
Roentgenium is a member of the group 11 elements, which also includes copper, silver, and gold.
Roentgenium has an estimated melting point of around 2000 ℃ and boiling point of around 3800 ℃, but these values have not been experimentally determined due to the difficulty of working with the element.
Due to its short half-life, roentgenium currently has no practical applications.
Roentgenium is classified as an unknown chemical property and is expected to have properties similar to those of its group 11 neighbors, such as being a good conductor of electricity and heat. However, more research is needed to fully understand its properties.
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Related
More elements
External links
- https://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/111/roentgenium
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roentgenium
- https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/Roentgenium
- https://www.britannica.com/science/roentgenium
- https://www.chemicool.com/elements/roentgenium.html
- https://www.livescience.com/41347-facts-about-roentgenium.html
- https://www.thoughtco.com/roentgenium-facts-rg-or-element-111-3876744
- https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele111.html
Deep
Learnool.com was founded by Deep Rana, who is a mechanical engineer by profession and a blogger by passion. He has a good conceptual knowledge on different educational topics and he provides the same on this website. He loves to learn something new everyday and believes that the best utilization of free time is developing a new skill.