Bromine

Bromine
Bromine block | Image: Learnool

Bromine (Br) is a chemical element of the periodic table, located in the group 17 and the period 4, and has the atomic number 35. It is a reddish-brown liquid, whose name comes from the Greek word “bromos”, which means stench. It is a reactive nonmetal and is the third lightest halogen, after the chlorine element.

On periodic table

group 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
period
1 1
H
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Hydrogen
2
He
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Helium
2 3
Li
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Lithium
4
Be
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Beryllium
5
B
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Boron
6
C
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Carbon
7
N
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Nitrogen
8
O
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Oxygen
9
F
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Fluorine
10
Ne
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Neon
3 11
Na
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Sodium
12
Mg
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Magnesium
13
Al
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Aluminium
14
Si
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Silicon
15
P
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Phosphorus
16
S
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Sulfur
17
Cl
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Chlorine
18
Ar
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Argon
4 19
K
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Potassium
20
Ca
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Calcium
21
Sc
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Scandium
22
Ti
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Titanium
23
V
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Vanadium
24
Cr
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Chromium
25
Mn
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Manganese
26
Fe
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Iron
27
Co
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Cobalt
28
Ni
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Nickel
29
Cu
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Copper
30
Zn
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Zinc
31
Ga
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Gallium
32
Ge
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Germanium
33
As
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Arsenic
34
Se
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Selenium
35
Br
Bromine
36
Kr
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Krypton
5 37
Rb
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Rubidium
38
Sr
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Strontium
39
Y
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Yttrium
40
Zr
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Zirconium
41
Nb
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Niobium
42
Mo
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Molybdenum
43
Tc
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Technetium
44
Ru
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Ruthenium
45
Rh
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Rhodium
46
Pd
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Palladium
47
Ag
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Silver
48
Cd
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Cadmium
49
In
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Indium
50
Sn
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Tin
51
Sb
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Antimony
52
Te
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Tellurium
53
I
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Iodine
54
Xe
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Xenon
6 55
Cs
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Caesium
56
Ba
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Barium
72
Hf
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Hafnium
73
Ta
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Tantalum
74
W
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Tungsten
75
Re
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Rhenium
76
Os
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Osmium
77
Ir
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Iridium
78
Pt
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Platinum
79
Au
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Gold
80
Hg
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Mercury
81
Tl
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Thallium
82
Pb
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Lead
83
Bi
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Bismuth
84
Po
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Polonium
85
At
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Astatine
86
Rn
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Radon
7 87
Fr
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Francium
88
Ra
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Radium
104
Rf
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Rutherfordium
105
Db
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Dubnium
106
Sg
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Seaborgium
107
Bh
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Bohrium
108
Hs
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Hassium
109
Mt
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Meitnerium
110
Ds
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Darmstadtium
111
Rg
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Roentgenium
112
Cn
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Copernicium
113
Nh
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Nihonium
114
Fl
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Flerovium
115
Mc
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Moscovium
116
Lv
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Livermorium
117
Ts
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Tennessine
118
Og
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Oganesson
57
La
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Lanthanum
58
Ce
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Cerium
59
Pr
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Praseodymium
60
Nd
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Neodymium
61
Pm
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Promethium
62
Sm
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Samarium
63
Eu
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Europium
64
Gd
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Gadolinium
65
Tb
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Terbium
66
Dy
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Dysprosium
67
Ho
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Holmium
68
Er
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Erbium
69
Tm
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Thulium
70
Yb
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Ytterbium
71
Lu
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Lutetium
89
Ac
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Actinium
90
Th
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Thorium
91
Pa
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Protactinium
92
U
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Uranium
93
Np
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Neptunium
94
Pu
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Plutonium
95
Am
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Americium
96
Cm
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Curium
97
Bk
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Berkelium
98
Cf
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Californium
99
Es
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Einsteinium
100
Fm
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Fermium
101
Md
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Mendelevium
102
No
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Nobelium
103
Lr
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Lawrencium
– p block

Bromine is a p-block element, situated in the seventeenth column and the fourth row of the periodic table, denoted by the atomic number 35 and chemical symbol Br.

Element information

Bromine Element
Bromine appearance | Image: Wikipedia
Bromine Periodic Table
Bromine location on periodic table | Image: Learnool
Bromine is found in the fourth row of the periodic table, next to the selenium element.
Origin of name Greek word “bromos” (which means stench)
Symbol Br
Atomic number (Z) 35
Atomic mass 79.904 u
Block p-block
Group 17 (halogen)
Period 4
Classification Reactive nonmetal
Atomic radius 120 pm
Covalent radius 120±3 pm
Van der Waals radius 185 pm
Melting point -7.2 ℃, 19 ℉, 265.8 K
Boiling point 58.8 ℃, 137.8 ℉, 332.0 K
Electron configuration [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p5
Learn how to write: Bromine electron configuration
Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 7
Learn how to draw: Bromine Bohr model
Crystal structure Orthorhombic
Phase at r.t Liquid
Density near r.t 3.1028 g/cm3
Main isotopes Bromine-79, Bromine-81
Natural occurrence Primordial
Oxidation state -1, +1, +3, +5
Electronegativity (Pauling scale) 2.96
Protons
Neutrons
Electrons
35
45
35
Learn how to find: Bromine protons neutrons electrons
Valence electrons 7
Learn how to find: Bromine valence electrons
CAS number 7726-95-6
Discovered by Antoine Jérôme Balard and Carl Jacob Löwig in 1825

History

Bromine was discovered in 1825-1826 by two chemists, Antoine Balard and Carl Jacob Löwig, working independently. Balard discovered bromine in seawater while Löwig discovered it in the residue left after treating seawater with chlorine. Both chemists initially thought that they had discovered a new element, but they later realized that bromine was chemically similar to chlorine and iodine, and was therefore likely to be a new member of the halogen family.

The name “bromine” comes from the Greek word “bromos,” which means “stench.” This name was chosen because of the strong and unpleasant odor that bromine has. Balard was the first to isolate the element in a pure form, and he noted that it was a reddish-brown liquid that gave off a strong and irritating odor.

Bromine quickly found a number of industrial applications. In the 19th century, it was used in the production of photography, as well as in the manufacture of dyes and other chemicals. Today, it is still used in a number of applications, including as a flame retardant in plastics, as a disinfectant for water treatment, and in the production of pharmaceuticals and agricultural chemicals.

Bromine is also an important element in the Earth’s atmosphere, where it plays a role in the destruction of ozone. It is also found in many minerals, including bromine salts such as potassium bromide and sodium bromide, as well as in some natural gas deposits.

Occurrence and production

Bromine is a relatively rare element in the Earth’s crust, comprising only 2.5 parts per million of the crustal rocks. It is significantly less abundant than its halogen counterparts, fluorine and chlorine. Bromine is primarily found in the Earth’s oceans, where it is more abundant, making up 65 parts per million. This is due to the long-term leaching of bromine from the rocks, which has resulted in higher concentrations in the oceans. Bromine can also be found in salt lakes and brine wells, where its concentration can be higher, such as in the Dead Sea, where bromide ions make up 0.4% of the saltwater. It is from these sources that bromine extraction is mostly economically feasible.

The main sources of bromine are located in the United States and Israel. Bromine is extracted from natural brine deposits, which are pumped from underground wells. The brine is treated with chlorine gas, which oxidizes the bromide ions to form elemental bromine. The resulting bromine is then removed from the brine with a blast of steam or air, condensed, and purified. Bromine is transported in large-capacity metal drums or lead-lined tanks that can hold hundreds of kilograms or even tonnes of bromine. The bromine industry is much smaller than the chlorine industry, but it is still an important chemical commodity. Nowadays, laboratory production of bromine is not necessary, as it is commercially available and has a long shelf life.

Properties

Physical properties

Bromine is a non-metal that exists as a reddish-brown liquid at room temperature.

It has a melting point of -7.2 ℃ and a boiling point of 58.8 ℃.

Bromine has a high density of 3.1028 g/cm3.

It is highly soluble in organic solvents and water.

Chemical properties

Bromine is highly reactive and a strong oxidizing agent.

It readily reacts with metals, nonmetals, and organic compounds.

Bromine reacts with hydrogen to form hydrogen bromide.

It reacts with alkali metals to form bromides.

Bromine also forms various compounds like hypobromous acid, bromic acid, and bromates.

Atomic properties

Bromine has an atomic number of 35 and an atomic mass of 79.9.

Bromine has seven valence electrons in its outermost shell.

The electron configuration of bromine is [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p5.

Bromine belongs to the halogen family and is located in Group 17 of the periodic table.

Other properties

Bromine has a strong and pungent odor.

It is a toxic element and can cause severe burns when it comes in contact with the skin.

Bromine is used as a disinfectant in swimming pools and water treatment plants.

It is also used in the manufacturing of flame retardants, pharmaceuticals, and dyes.

Applications

Flame retardants

Bromine compounds are widely used as flame retardants in plastics, textiles, and other materials. They work by inhibiting the combustion process and reducing the spread of fire.

Pharmaceuticals

Bromine is used to produce a variety of pharmaceuticals, including sedatives, analgesics, and anesthetics. Bromine compounds are also used to treat conditions such as epilepsy and asthma.

Water treatment

Bromine is an effective disinfectant and is used in water treatment to kill bacteria and other microorganisms. It is often used in hot tubs and swimming pools as an alternative to chlorine.

Photography

Silver bromide is used in photographic film and paper as a light-sensitive material. When exposed to light, the silver bromide forms an image that can be developed using chemicals.

Oil and gas drilling

Bromine is used as a completion fluid in oil and gas drilling. It is injected into wells to reduce the pressure and prevent the collapse of the well walls.

Agriculture

Bromine is used in agriculture as a fumigant to control pests and diseases. It is also used to enhance the growth of some crops.

Chemical synthesis

Bromine is used in the synthesis of a variety of organic compounds, including pesticides, dyes, and pharmaceuticals. It is also used in the production of bromine compounds such as hydrobromic acid and sodium bromide.

Interesting facts

Bromine is the only nonmetal element that is a liquid at room temperature.

The name “bromine” comes from the Greek word “bromos,” which means “stench,” because of its strong and unpleasant odor.

Bromine was first used as a sedative in the 19th century, but was later replaced by safer alternatives.

Bromine is used in the production of flame retardants, which are added to materials such as furniture, carpets, and electronics to prevent them from catching fire.

Bromine is also used in the production of dyes, medicines, and agricultural chemicals.

Bromine is highly reactive and can react violently with some organic compounds, so it must be handled with care.

Bromine is present in seawater at concentrations of around 65 parts per million, making it the third most abundant halogen after chlorine and fluorine.

Bromine is used as a disinfectant in swimming pools and hot tubs, where it helps to kill bacteria and other microorganisms.

Bromine is a powerful oxidizing agent and can react with a wide range of substances, including metals, nonmetals, and organic compounds.

Bromine has a dark reddish-brown color and a high density, which makes it useful for separating minerals in mining operations.

Related

More elements

s block
p block
d block
f block
Barium Aluminium Bohrium Actinium
Beryllium Antimony Cadmium Americium
Caesium Argon Chromium Berkelium
Calcium Arsenic Cobalt Californium
Francium Astatine Copernicium Cerium
Helium Bismuth Copper Curium
Hydrogen Boron Darmstadtium Dysprosium
Lithium Bromine Dubnium Einsteinium
Magnesium Carbon Gold Erbium
Potassium Chlorine Hafnium Europium
Radium Flerovium Hassium Fermium
Rubidium Fluorine Iridium Gadolinium
Sodium Gallium Iron Holmium
Strontium Germanium Lawrencium Lanthanum
Indium Lutetium Mendelevium
Iodine Manganese Neodymium
Krypton Meitnerium Neptunium
Lead Mercury Nobelium
Livermorium Molybdenum Plutonium
Moscovium Nickel Praseodymium
Neon Niobium Promethium
Nihonium Osmium Protactinium
Nitrogen Palladium Samarium
Oganesson Platinum Terbium
Oxygen Rhenium Thorium
Phosphorus Rhodium Thulium
Polonium Roentgenium Uranium
Radon Ruthenium Ytterbium
Selenium Rutherfordium
Silicon Scandium
Sulfur Seaborgium
Tellurium Silver
Tennessine Tantalum
Thallium Technetium
Tin Titanium
Xenon Tungsten
Vanadium
Yttrium
Zinc
Zirconium

External links

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Learnool.com was founded by Deep Rana, who is a mechanical engineer by profession and a blogger by passion. He has a good conceptual knowledge on different educational topics and he provides the same on this website. He loves to learn something new everyday and believes that the best utilization of free time is developing a new skill.

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