The information on this page is ✔ fact-checked.
A periodic table, often known as the periodic table of elements, displays all chemical elements in a table form. The table contains 118 elements in ascending atomic number sequence. The s-block, p-block, d-block, and f-block are the four blocks that make up the table. The table’s eighteen vertical columns are referred to as groups, while its seven horizontal rows are referred to as periods.
Periodic table is frequently used in physics, chemistry, and other sciences and is usually viewed as a symbol of chemistry. It is a visual representation of the periodic law, which states that the properties of chemical elements show an approximately periodic dependency on their atomic numbers. Dmitri Mendeleev, a Russian chemist, proposed the periodic law, which states that chemical properties depend on atomic mass, and his periodic table was the first to be widely acknowledged. Mendeleev’s periodic table had gaps because not all elements were known at the time; however, he was able to predict some of the missing elements’ properties using the periodic law.
The periodic table is still changing as science advances. Only elements up to atomic number 94 occur in nature; to proceed further, new elements have to be synthesized in the laboratory. First seven rows of the periodic table now have all 118 initial elements identified, although chemical characterization of the heaviest elements is still required to make sure that their properties match to their places.
Interactive periodic table
| group | ⇨ | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 |
| period | ⇩ | ||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | 1 H  Hydrogen |
2 He  Helium |
|||||||||||||||||
| 2 | 3 Li  Lithium |
4 Be  Beryllium |
5 B  Boron |
6 C  Carbon |
7 N  Nitrogen |
8 O  Oxygen |
9 F  Fluorine |
10 Ne  Neon |
|||||||||||
| 3 | 11 Na  Sodium |
12 Mg  Magnesium |
13 Al  Aluminium |
14 Si  Silicon |
15 P  Phosphorus |
16 S  Sulfur |
17 Cl  Chlorine |
18 Ar  Argon |
|||||||||||
| 4 | 19 K  Potassium |
20 Ca  Calcium |
21 Sc  Scandium |
22 Ti  Titanium |
23 V  Vanadium |
24 Cr  Chromium |
25 Mn  Manganese |
26 Fe  Iron |
27 Co  Cobalt |
28 Ni  Nickel |
29 Cu  Copper |
30 Zn  Zinc |
31 Ga  Gallium |
32 Ge  Germanium |
33 As  Arsenic |
34 Se  Selenium |
35 Br  Bromine |
36 Kr  Krypton |
|
| 5 | 37 Rb  Rubidium |
38 Sr  Strontium |
39 Y  Yttrium |
40 Zr  Zirconium |
41 Nb  Niobium |
42 Mo  Molybdenum |
43 Tc  Technetium |
44 Ru  Ruthenium |
45 Rh  Rhodium |
46 Pd  Palladium |
47 Ag  Silver |
48 Cd  Cadmium |
49 In  Indium |
50 Sn  Tin |
51 Sb  Antimony |
52 Te  Tellurium |
53 I  Iodine |
54 Xe  Xenon |
|
| 6 | 55 Cs  Caesium |
56 Ba  Barium |
72 Hf  Hafnium |
73 Ta  Tantalum |
74 W  Tungsten |
75 Re  Rhenium |
76 Os  Osmium |
77 Ir  Iridium |
78 Pt  Platinum |
79 Au  Gold |
80 Hg  Mercury |
81 Tl  Thallium |
82 Pb  Lead |
83 Bi  Bismuth |
84 Po  Polonium |
85 At  Astatine |
86 Rn  Radon |
||
| 7 | 87 Fr  Francium |
88 Ra  Radium |
104 Rf  Rutherfordium |
105 Db  Dubnium |
106 Sg  Seaborgium |
107 Bh  Bohrium |
108 Hs  Hassium |
109 Mt  Meitnerium |
110 Ds  Darmstadtium |
111 Rg  Roentgenium |
112 Cn  Copernicium |
113 Nh  Nihonium |
114 Fl  Flerovium |
115 Mc  Moscovium |
116 Lv  Livermorium |
117 Ts  Tennessine |
118 Og  Oganesson |
||
| 57 La  Lanthanum |
58 Ce  Cerium |
59 Pr  Praseodymium |
60 Nd  Neodymium |
61 Pm  Promethium |
62 Sm  Samarium |
63 Eu  Europium |
64 Gd  Gadolinium |
65 Tb  Terbium |
66 Dy  Dysprosium |
67 Ho  Holmium |
68 Er  Erbium |
69 Tm  Thulium |
70 Yb  Ytterbium |
71 Lu  Lutetium |
|||||
| 89 Ac  Actinium |
90 Th  Thorium |
91 Pa  Protactinium |
92 U  Uranium |
93 Np  Neptunium |
94 Pu  Plutonium |
95 Am  Americium |
96 Cm  Curium |
97 Bk  Berkelium |
98 Cf  Californium |
99 Es  Einsteinium |
100 Fm  Fermium |
101 Md  Mendelevium |
102 No  Nobelium |
103 Lr  Lawrencium |
|||||
| – s block | – p block | ||
| – d block | – f block | ||
Classification of elements
There are many terms used to describe groups of elements that behave similarly. Alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, pnictogen, chalcogen, halogen, and noble gas are six of the group names recognized by the IUPAC.[1]
Although there is no official IUPAC definition of which elements are metals, nonmetals, or metalloids, some people divide the p-block elements into groups 13-16 based on metallicity. The terms “post-transition metal” and “poor metal” have both been suggested as alternatives for the name of the metals that would replace the transition metals, but neither term has gained widespread acceptance.
The elements from La to Lu, which are all highly similar to one another, are referred to as the lanthanides. Historically, it included only elements Ce to Lu, but lanthanum was eventually added by usage. Similarly, the elements from Ac to Lr (previously, Th to Lr) are referred to as actinides; even though the elements in this group have a larger variation of properties as compared to those in the lanthanides.
History of periodic table
Carbon, sulfur, iron, copper, silver, tin, gold, mercury, and lead are some of the chemical elements that have been known since ancient history as they are found in their natural state and are relatively easy to mine using primitive tools. Zinc, arsenic, antimony, and bismuth are a few other elements that were recognized during the age of alchemy.
Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner, a German physicist, made one of the first attempts to categorize the elements in 1817. In 1829, he discovered that he could organize some of the elements into groups of three, with each group’s members possessing similar properties. He called these combinations “triads.” A triad was created by the elements chlorine, bromine, and iodine, as well as calcium, strontium, and barium; lithium, sodium, and potassium; and sulfur, selenium, and tellurium.[2]
Dmitri Mendeleev, a Russian chemist, made the crucial discovery. Mendeleev was the chemist who was most dedicated to developing and defending his framework, and it was his framework that had the biggest impact on the scientific community despite the fact that other chemists (including Meyer) had discovered some other variations of the periodic system around the same time. Mendeleev started organizing the elements and comparing them based on their atomic weights in February 1869.
His printed table first appeared in the Russian Chemical Society’s publication in May 1869 after he settled on an acceptable arrangement. He openly stated that when an element appeared to be missing from the system in some instances, it means that the element had not yet been located. Mendeleev published a lengthy article in 1871 that included an updated version of his table and made public his predictions for undiscovered elements.
When the periodic table was finally organized, the relationship between the elements was finally appreciated for its descriptive value, but this appreciation was not recognized by everybody. Mendeleev and Meyer argued over the importance of the periodic table in an exchange of papers published in the British newspaper Chemical News in 1881. These papers from Mendeleev and Meyer, and many more contained criticisms of the idea of periodicity.
In 1882, the Royal Society in London awarded Mendeleev and Meyer the Davy Medal in recognition of their work classifying the elements. Two of Mendeleev’s predicted elements had already been found at the time, but his predictions were not even acknowledged in the justification for the award. Mendeleev’s periodic table was widely accepted as a fundamental piece of chemical knowledge by 1890.[3]
Elements list
| Element 1: Hydrogen (H) | |
| Element 2: Helium (He) | |
| Element 3: Lithium (Li) | |
| Element 4: Beryllium (Be) | |
| Element 5: Boron (B) | |
| Element 6: Carbon (C) | |
| Element 7: Nitrogen (N) | |
| Element 8: Oxygen (O) | |
| Element 9: Fluorine (Fl) | |
| Element 10: Neon (Ne) | |
| Element 11: Sodium (Na) | |
| Element 12: Magnesium (Mg) | |
| Element 13: Aluminium (Al) | |
| Element 14: Silicon (Si) | |
| Element 15: Phosphorus (P) | |
| Element 16: Sulfur (S) | |
| Element 17: Chlorine (Cl) | |
| Element 18: Argon (Ar) | |
| Element 19: Potassium (K) | |
| Element 20: Calcium (Ca) | |
| Element 21: Scandium (Sc) | |
| Element 22: Titanium (Ti) | |
| Element 23: Vanadium (Va) | |
| Element 24: Chromium (Cr) | |
| Element 25: Manganese (Mg) | |
| Element 26: Iron (Fe) | |
| Element 27: Cobalt (Co) | |
| Element 28: Nickel (Ni) | |
| Element 29: Copper (Cu) | |
| Element 30: Zinc (Zn) | |
| Element 31: Gallium (Ga) | |
| Element 32: Germanium (Ge) | |
| Element 33: Arsenic (As) | |
| Element 34: Selenium (Se) | |
| Element 35: Bromine (Br) | |
| Element 36: Krypton (Kr) | |
| Element 37: Rubidium (Rb) | |
| Element 38: Strontium (Sr) | |
| Element 39: Yttrium (Yt) | |
| Element 40: Zirconium (Zr) | |
| Element 41: Niobium (Nb) | |
| Element 42: Molybdenum (Mo) | |
| Element 43: Technetium (Tc) | |
| Element 44: Ruthenium (Ru) | |
| Element 45: Rhodium (Rh) | |
| Element 46: Palladium (Pd) | |
| Element 47: Silver (Ag) | |
| Element 48: Cadmium (Cd) | |
| Element 49: Indium (In) | |
| Element 50: Tin (Sn) | |
| Element 51: Antimony (Sb) | |
| Element 52: Tellurium (Te) | |
| Element 53: Iodine (I) | |
| Element 54: Xenon (Xe) | |
| Element 55: Caesium (Cs) | |
| Element 56: Barium (Ba) | |
| Element 57: Lanthanum (La) | |
| Element 58: Cerium (Ce) | |
| Element 59: Praseodymium (Pr) | |
| Element 60: Neodymium (Nd) | |
| Element 61: Promethium (Pm) | |
| Element 62: Samarium (Sm) | |
| Element 63: Europium (Eu) | |
| Element 64: Gadolinium (Gd) | |
| Element 65: Terbium (Tb) | |
| Element 66: Dysprosium (Dy) | |
| Element 67: Holmium (Ho) | |
| Element 68: Erbium (Er) | |
| Element 69: Thulium (Tm) | |
| Element 70: Ytterbium (Yb) | |
| Element 71: Lutetium (Lu) | |
| Element 72: Hafnium (Hf) | |
| Element 73: Tantalum (Ta) | |
| Element 74: Tungsten (W) | |
| Element 75: Rhenium (Re) | |
| Element 76: Osmium (Os) | |
| Element 77: Iridium (Ir) | |
| Element 78: Platinum (Pt) | |
| Element 79: Gold (Au) | |
| Element 80: Mercury (Hg) | |
| Element 81: Thallium (Tl) | |
| Element 82: Lead (Pb) | |
| Element 83: Bismuth (Bi) | |
| Element 84: Polonium (Po) | |
| Element 85: Astatine (At) | |
| Element 86: Radon (Rn) | |
| Element 87: Francium (Fr) | |
| Element 88: Radium (Ra) | |
| Element 89: Actinium (Ac) | |
| Element 90: Thorium (Th) | |
| Element 91: Protactinium (Pa) | |
| Element 92: Uranium (U) | |
| Element 93: Neptunium (Np) | |
| Element 94: Plutonium (Pu) | |
| Element 95: Americium (Am) | |
| Element 96: Curium (Cm) | |
| Element 97: Berkelium (Bk) | |
| Element 98: Californium (Cf) | |
| Element 99: Einsteinium (Es) | |
| Element 100: Fermium (Fm) | |
| Element 101: Mendelevium (Md) | |
| Element 102: Nobelium (No) | |
| Element 103: Lawrencium (Lr) | |
| Element 104: Rutherfordium (Rf) | |
| Element 105: Dubnium (Db) | |
| Element 106: Seaborgium (Sg) | |
| Element 107: Bohrium (Bh) | |
| Element 108: Hassium (Hs) | |
| Element 109: Meitnerium (Mt) | |
| Element 110: Darmstadtium (Ds) | |
| Element 111: Roentgenium (Rg) | |
| Element 112: Copernicium (Cn) | |
| Element 113: Nihonium (Nh) | |
| Element 114: Flerovium (Fl) | |
| Element 115: Moscovium (Mc) | |
| Element 116: Livermorium (Lv) | |
| Element 117: Tennessine (Ts) | |
| Element 118: Oganesson (Og) | |
Related
- Periodic table
- Block (periodic table)
- Group (periodic table)
- Period (periodic table)
- Metal
- Alkali metal
- Alkaline earth metal
- Lanthanide
- Actinide
- Transition metal
- Post-transition metal
- Metalloid
- Nonmetal
- Reactive nonmetal
- Noble gas
References
1. Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry (IUPAC Recommendations 2005)
2. Development of the periodic table
3. The Periodic Table: Its Story and Its Significance (pg 156-169)
External links
- https://ptable.com/?lang=en
- https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/periodic-table/
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_table
- https://www.rsc.org/periodic-table
- https://www.webelements.com/
- https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/periodictable.html
- https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table
- https://www.chemicool.com/
