
Germanium (Ge) is a chemical element of the periodic table, located in the group 14 and the period 4, and has the atomic number 32. It is a hard, lustrous, grayish-white metalloid, whose name comes from the Latin word “Germania”, which means Germany, homeland of the discoverer. It is a member of the carbon group.
group | ⇨ | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 |
period | ⇩ | ||||||||||||||||||
1 | 1 H ![]() Hydrogen |
2 He ![]() Helium |
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2 | 3 Li ![]() Lithium |
4 Be ![]() Beryllium |
5 B ![]() Boron |
6 C ![]() Carbon |
7 N ![]() Nitrogen |
8 O ![]() Oxygen |
9 F ![]() Fluorine |
10 Ne ![]() Neon |
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3 | 11 Na ![]() Sodium |
12 Mg ![]() Magnesium |
13 Al ![]() Aluminium |
14 Si ![]() Silicon |
15 P ![]() Phosphorus |
16 S ![]() Sulfur |
17 Cl ![]() Chlorine |
18 Ar ![]() Argon |
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4 | 19 K ![]() Potassium |
20 Ca ![]() Calcium |
21 Sc ![]() Scandium |
22 Ti ![]() Titanium |
23 V ![]() Vanadium |
24 Cr ![]() Chromium |
25 Mn ![]() Manganese |
26 Fe ![]() Iron |
27 Co ![]() Cobalt |
28 Ni ![]() Nickel |
29 Cu ![]() Copper |
30 Zn ![]() Zinc |
31 Ga ![]() Gallium |
32 Ge ![]() Germanium |
33 As ![]() Arsenic |
34 Se ![]() Selenium |
35 Br ![]() Bromine |
36 Kr ![]() Krypton |
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5 | 37 Rb ![]() Rubidium |
38 Sr ![]() Strontium |
39 Y ![]() Yttrium |
40 Zr ![]() Zirconium |
41 Nb ![]() Niobium |
42 Mo ![]() Molybdenum |
43 Tc ![]() Technetium |
44 Ru ![]() Ruthenium |
45 Rh ![]() Rhodium |
46 Pd ![]() Palladium |
47 Ag ![]() Silver |
48 Cd ![]() Cadmium |
49 In ![]() Indium |
50 Sn ![]() Tin |
51 Sb ![]() Antimony |
52 Te ![]() Tellurium |
53 I ![]() Iodine |
54 Xe ![]() Xenon |
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6 | 55 Cs ![]() Caesium |
56 Ba ![]() Barium |
72 Hf ![]() Hafnium |
73 Ta ![]() Tantalum |
74 W ![]() Tungsten |
75 Re ![]() Rhenium |
76 Os ![]() Osmium |
77 Ir ![]() Iridium |
78 Pt ![]() Platinum |
79 Au ![]() Gold |
80 Hg ![]() Mercury |
81 Tl ![]() Thallium |
82 Pb ![]() Lead |
83 Bi ![]() Bismuth |
84 Po ![]() Polonium |
85 At ![]() Astatine |
86 Rn ![]() Radon |
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7 | 87 Fr ![]() Francium |
88 Ra ![]() Radium |
104 Rf ![]() Rutherfordium |
105 Db ![]() Dubnium |
106 Sg ![]() Seaborgium |
107 Bh ![]() Bohrium |
108 Hs ![]() Hassium |
109 Mt ![]() Meitnerium |
110 Ds ![]() Darmstadtium |
111 Rg ![]() Roentgenium |
112 Cn ![]() Copernicium |
113 Nh ![]() Nihonium |
114 Fl ![]() Flerovium |
115 Mc ![]() Moscovium |
116 Lv ![]() Livermorium |
117 Ts ![]() Tennessine |
118 Og ![]() Oganesson |
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57 La ![]() Lanthanum |
58 Ce ![]() Cerium |
59 Pr ![]() Praseodymium |
60 Nd ![]() Neodymium |
61 Pm ![]() Promethium |
62 Sm ![]() Samarium |
63 Eu ![]() Europium |
64 Gd ![]() Gadolinium |
65 Tb ![]() Terbium |
66 Dy ![]() Dysprosium |
67 Ho ![]() Holmium |
68 Er ![]() Erbium |
69 Tm ![]() Thulium |
70 Yb ![]() Ytterbium |
71 Lu ![]() Lutetium |
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89 Ac ![]() Actinium |
90 Th ![]() Thorium |
91 Pa ![]() Protactinium |
92 U ![]() Uranium |
93 Np ![]() Neptunium |
94 Pu ![]() Plutonium |
95 Am ![]() Americium |
96 Cm ![]() Curium |
97 Bk ![]() Berkelium |
98 Cf ![]() Californium |
99 Es ![]() Einsteinium |
100 Fm ![]() Fermium |
101 Md ![]() Mendelevium |
102 No ![]() Nobelium |
103 Lr ![]() Lawrencium |
– p block |
Germanium Element Information
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Origin of name | Latin word “Germania” (which means Germany) |
Symbol | Ge |
Atomic number (Z) | 32 |
Atomic mass | 72.64 u |
Block | p-block |
Group | 14 (carbon group) |
Period | 4 |
Classification | Metalloid |
Atomic radius | 122 pm |
Covalent radius | 122 pm |
Van der Waals radius | 211 pm |
Melting point | 938.25 ℃, 1720.85 ℉, 1211.40 K |
Boiling point | 2833 ℃, 5131 ℉, 3106 K |
Electron configuration | [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2 |
Learn how to write: Germanium Electron Configuration | |
Electrons per shell | 2, 8, 18, 4 |
Learn how to draw: Germanium Bohr Model | |
Crystal structure | Face-centered diamond-cubic |
Phase at r.t | Solid |
Density near r.t | 5.323 g/cm3 |
Main isotopes | Germanium-70, Germanium-72, Germanium-73, Germanium-74 |
Natural occurrence | Primordial |
Oxidation state | -4, +2, +4 |
Electronegativity (Pauling scale) | 2.01 |
Protons Neutrons Electrons |
32 41 32 |
Learn how to find: Germanium Protons Neutrons Electrons | |
Valence electrons | 4 |
Learn how to find: Germanium Valence Electrons | |
CAS number | 7440-56-4 |
Discovered by | Clemens Winkler in 1886 |
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Related:
More Elements:
External Links:
- https://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/32/germanium
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium
- https://www.britannica.com/science/germanium
- https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/Germanium
- https://chemistrytalk.org/germanium-element/
- https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele032.html
- https://www.chemicool.com/elements/germanium.html
- https://www.ducksters.com/science/chemistry/germanium.php