Nickel

Nickel
Nickel block | Image: Learnool

Nickel (Ni) is a chemical element of the periodic table, located in the group 10 and the period 4, and is having the atomic number 28. It is a hard, lustrous, silvery-white transition metal, whose name comes from the Saxon term “Kupfernickel”, which means devil’s copper.

On periodic table

group 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
period
1 1
H
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Hydrogen
2
He
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Helium
2 3
Li
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Lithium
4
Be
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Beryllium
5
B
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Boron
6
C
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Carbon
7
N
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Nitrogen
8
O
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Oxygen
9
F
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Fluorine
10
Ne
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Neon
3 11
Na
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Sodium
12
Mg
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Magnesium
13
Al
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Aluminium
14
Si
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Silicon
15
P
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Phosphorus
16
S
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Sulfur
17
Cl
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Chlorine
18
Ar
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Argon
4 19
K
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Potassium
20
Ca
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Calcium
21
Sc
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Scandium
22
Ti
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Titanium
23
V
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Vanadium
24
Cr
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Chromium
25
Mn
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Manganese
26
Fe
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Iron
27
Co
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Cobalt
28
Ni
Nickel
29
Cu
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Copper
30
Zn
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Zinc
31
Ga
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Gallium
32
Ge
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Germanium
33
As
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Arsenic
34
Se
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Selenium
35
Br
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Bromine
36
Kr
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Krypton
5 37
Rb
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Rubidium
38
Sr
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Strontium
39
Y
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Yttrium
40
Zr
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Zirconium
41
Nb
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Niobium
42
Mo
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Molybdenum
43
Tc
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Technetium
44
Ru
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Ruthenium
45
Rh
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Rhodium
46
Pd
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Palladium
47
Ag
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Silver
48
Cd
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Cadmium
49
In
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Indium
50
Sn
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Tin
51
Sb
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Antimony
52
Te
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Tellurium
53
I
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Iodine
54
Xe
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Xenon
6 55
Cs
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Caesium
56
Ba
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Barium
72
Hf
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Hafnium
73
Ta
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Tantalum
74
W
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Tungsten
75
Re
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Rhenium
76
Os
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Osmium
77
Ir
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Iridium
78
Pt
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Platinum
79
Au
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Gold
80
Hg
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Mercury
81
Tl
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Thallium
82
Pb
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Lead
83
Bi
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Bismuth
84
Po
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Polonium
85
At
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Astatine
86
Rn
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Radon
7 87
Fr
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Francium
88
Ra
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Radium
104
Rf
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Rutherfordium
105
Db
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Dubnium
106
Sg
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Seaborgium
107
Bh
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Bohrium
108
Hs
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Hassium
109
Mt
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Meitnerium
110
Ds
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Darmstadtium
111
Rg
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Roentgenium
112
Cn
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Copernicium
113
Nh
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Nihonium
114
Fl
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Flerovium
115
Mc
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Moscovium
116
Lv
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Livermorium
117
Ts
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Tennessine
118
Og
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Oganesson
57
La
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Lanthanum
58
Ce
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Cerium
59
Pr
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Praseodymium
60
Nd
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Neodymium
61
Pm
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Promethium
62
Sm
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Samarium
63
Eu
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Europium
64
Gd
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Gadolinium
65
Tb
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Terbium
66
Dy
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Dysprosium
67
Ho
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Holmium
68
Er
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Erbium
69
Tm
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Thulium
70
Yb
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Ytterbium
71
Lu
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Lutetium
89
Ac
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Actinium
90
Th
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Thorium
91
Pa
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Protactinium
92
U
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Uranium
93
Np
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Neptunium
94
Pu
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Plutonium
95
Am
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Americium
96
Cm
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Curium
97
Bk
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Berkelium
98
Cf
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Californium
99
Es
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Einsteinium
100
Fm
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Fermium
101
Md
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Mendelevium
102
No
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Nobelium
103
Lr
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Lawrencium
– d block

Nickel is a d-block element, situated in the tenth column of the periodic table, between cobalt (Co) and copper (Cu). It has the atomic number 28 and is denoted by the symbol Ni.

Element information

Nickel Element
Nickel appearance | Image: Wikipedia
Nickel Periodic Table
Nickel location on periodic table | Image: Learnool
Nickel is found in the tenth column of the periodic table, next to the cobalt element.
Origin of name Saxon term “Kupfernickel” (which means devil’s copper)
Symbol Ni
Atomic number (Z) 28
Atomic mass 58.6934 u
Block d-block
Group 10
Period 4
Classification Transition metal
Atomic radius 124 pm
Covalent radius 124 pm
Van der Waals radius 163 pm
Melting point 1455 ℃, 2651 ℉, 1728 K
Boiling point 2730 ℃, 4946 ℉, 3003 K
Electron configuration [Ar] 3d8 4s2
Electrons per shell 2, 8, 16, 2
Learn how to draw: Nickel Bohr model
Crystal structure Face-centered cubic (fcc)
Phase at r.t Solid
Density near r.t 8.908 g/cm3
Main isotopes Nickel-58, Nickel-60, Nickel-61, Nickel-62, Nickel-64
Natural occurrence Primordial
Oxidation state +2
Electronegativity (Pauling scale) 1.91
Protons
Neutrons
Electrons
28
31
28
Learn how to find: Nickel protons neutrons electrons
CAS number 7440-02-0
Discovered by Axel Fredrik Cronstedt in 1751

History

Axel Fredrik Cronstedt | Image: Wikipedia

Nickel was first discovered in 1751 by the Swedish chemist Axel Fredrik Cronstedt. Cronstedt was examining a mineral called niccolite when he noticed that it produced a green color when heated with charcoal.

This led him to believe that the mineral contained a new element, which he named nickel after the German word “kupfernickel,” meaning “devil’s copper.” The metal was isolated in its pure form for the first time in 1754 by another Swedish chemist, Baron Axel Frederik Cronstedt.

Nickel was initially thought to be a form of copper, but its unique properties were soon recognized. The metal’s resistance to corrosion and its ability to withstand high temperatures made it a valuable material for use in various industries. The use of nickel for coins dates back to the mid-19th century, when it was first used as a substitute for silver in the United States.

Occurrence and production

Nickel is one of the most abundant elements in the Earth’s crust, with an estimated concentration of 80 parts per million. It is found in many minerals, including pentlandite, garnierite, and pyrrhotite. The largest deposits of nickel are located in Canada, Russia, Australia, and Indonesia.

Nickel is primarily produced from two types of ores: sulfide ores and laterite ores. Sulfide ores are processed through a conventional smelting process, while laterite ores are processed through a hydrometallurgical process. The production of nickel is a complex process that involves multiple stages, including mining, crushing, grinding, flotation, and smelting or refining.

The demand for nickel has increased over the years due to its various industrial applications, and efforts are being made to explore new deposits of the element in different parts of the world.

Properties

Nickel has a relatively high density of 8.9 g/cm³.

It is a good conductor of electricity and heat.

Nickel has a high melting point of 1455 ℃ and a boiling point of 2732 ℃.

It has the ability to alloy with other metals, forming strong and durable materials such as stainless steel.

Nickel is a hard, silvery-white metal that is highly resistant to corrosion and oxidation.

It is malleable and ductile, and can be easily shaped into various forms.

Nickel is highly reactive with oxygen and can form various compounds such as nickel oxide, nickel hydroxide, and nickel carbonate.

It is magnetic at room temperature and has a face-centered cubic crystal structure.

Nickel is also known for its catalytic properties and is used in various chemical reactions.

Applications

Nickel is extensively used in the production of stainless steel, which is a highly durable, corrosion-resistant material used in a wide range of applications such as architecture, construction, and transportation industries.

It is used as a coating or plating material for various objects to provide a shiny, decorative surface and to protect them from corrosion.

Nickel-based alloys are used in the manufacturing of gas turbines, jet engines, and other high-temperature applications because of their high strength, corrosion resistance, and thermal stability.

The metal is also used in the production of rechargeable batteries, such as nickel-cadmium and nickel-metal hydride batteries.

Nickel is added to certain types of glass to make it highly reflective, such as in the production of mirrors.

It is also used in the production of coins, such as the US five-cent coin or “nickel.”

Interesting facts

Nickel is the fifth most common element on Earth, and it is found in the Earth’s crust and core, as well as in meteorites.

The name “nickel” comes from a German word meaning “Old Nick”, which was a term used for the devil by miners who struggled to extract the metal from its ores.

Nickel has magnetic properties, which make it useful in alloys such as permalloy and in electrical applications.

Nickel is a key component in the production of stainless steel and other alloys used in the chemical and aerospace industries.

One of the most well-known uses of nickel is in the production of coins, including the United States’ “nickel” which is actually 75% copper and 25% nickel.

Nickel is also used in batteries, including rechargeable batteries used in electronic devices like cell phones and laptops.

In addition to its use in industry and technology, nickel has also been used throughout history for decorative purposes, such as in jewelry and ornamental objects.

Some people are allergic to nickel and can develop skin rashes or other reactions when exposed to it, which has led to efforts to reduce its use in everyday products like jewelry.

Related

More elements

s block
p block
d block
f block
Barium Aluminium Bohrium Actinium
Beryllium Antimony Cadmium Americium
Caesium Argon Chromium Berkelium
Calcium Arsenic Cobalt Californium
Francium Astatine Copernicium Cerium
Helium Bismuth Copper Curium
Hydrogen Boron Darmstadtium Dysprosium
Lithium Bromine Dubnium Einsteinium
Magnesium Carbon Gold Erbium
Potassium Chlorine Hafnium Europium
Radium Flerovium Hassium Fermium
Rubidium Fluorine Iridium Gadolinium
Sodium Gallium Iron Holmium
Strontium Germanium Lawrencium Lanthanum
Indium Lutetium Mendelevium
Iodine Manganese Neodymium
Krypton Meitnerium Neptunium
Lead Mercury Nobelium
Livermorium Molybdenum Plutonium
Moscovium Nickel Praseodymium
Neon Niobium Promethium
Nihonium Osmium Protactinium
Nitrogen Palladium Samarium
Oganesson Platinum Terbium
Oxygen Rhenium Thorium
Phosphorus Rhodium Thulium
Polonium Roentgenium Uranium
Radon Ruthenium Ytterbium
Selenium Rutherfordium
Silicon Scandium
Sulfur Seaborgium
Tellurium Silver
Tennessine Tantalum
Thallium Technetium
Tin Titanium
Xenon Tungsten
Vanadium
Yttrium
Zinc
Zirconium

External links

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Learnool.com was founded by Deep Rana, who is a mechanical engineer by profession and a blogger by passion. He has a good conceptual knowledge on different educational topics and he provides the same on this website. He loves to learn something new everyday and believes that the best utilization of free time is developing a new skill.

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