Manganese

Manganese
Manganese block | Image: Learnool

Manganese (Mn) is a chemical element of the periodic table, located in the group 7 and the period 4, and has the atomic number 25. It is a hard, silvery-grey transition metal, whose name comes from the Latin word “magnes”, which means magnet. It is the twelfth most abundant element on earth.

On periodic table

group 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
period
1 1
H
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Hydrogen
2
He
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Helium
2 3
Li
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Lithium
4
Be
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Beryllium
5
B
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Boron
6
C
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Carbon
7
N
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Nitrogen
8
O
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Oxygen
9
F
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Fluorine
10
Ne
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Neon
3 11
Na
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Sodium
12
Mg
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Magnesium
13
Al
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Aluminium
14
Si
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Silicon
15
P
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Phosphorus
16
S
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Sulfur
17
Cl
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Chlorine
18
Ar
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Argon
4 19
K
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Potassium
20
Ca
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Calcium
21
Sc
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Scandium
22
Ti
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Titanium
23
V
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Vanadium
24
Cr
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Chromium
25
Mn
Manganese
26
Fe
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Iron
27
Co
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Cobalt
28
Ni
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Nickel
29
Cu
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Copper
30
Zn
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Zinc
31
Ga
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Gallium
32
Ge
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Germanium
33
As
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Arsenic
34
Se
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Selenium
35
Br
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Bromine
36
Kr
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Krypton
5 37
Rb
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Rubidium
38
Sr
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Strontium
39
Y
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Yttrium
40
Zr
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Zirconium
41
Nb
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Niobium
42
Mo
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Molybdenum
43
Tc
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Technetium
44
Ru
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Ruthenium
45
Rh
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Rhodium
46
Pd
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Palladium
47
Ag
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Silver
48
Cd
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Cadmium
49
In
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Indium
50
Sn
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Tin
51
Sb
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Antimony
52
Te
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Tellurium
53
I
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Iodine
54
Xe
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Xenon
6 55
Cs
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Caesium
56
Ba
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Barium
72
Hf
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Hafnium
73
Ta
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Tantalum
74
W
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Tungsten
75
Re
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Rhenium
76
Os
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Osmium
77
Ir
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Iridium
78
Pt
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Platinum
79
Au
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Gold
80
Hg
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Mercury
81
Tl
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Thallium
82
Pb
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Lead
83
Bi
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Bismuth
84
Po
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Polonium
85
At
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Astatine
86
Rn
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Radon
7 87
Fr
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Francium
88
Ra
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Radium
104
Rf
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Rutherfordium
105
Db
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Dubnium
106
Sg
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Seaborgium
107
Bh
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Bohrium
108
Hs
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Hassium
109
Mt
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Meitnerium
110
Ds
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Darmstadtium
111
Rg
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Roentgenium
112
Cn
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Copernicium
113
Nh
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Nihonium
114
Fl
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Flerovium
115
Mc
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Moscovium
116
Lv
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Livermorium
117
Ts
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Tennessine
118
Og
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Oganesson
57
La
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Lanthanum
58
Ce
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Cerium
59
Pr
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Praseodymium
60
Nd
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Neodymium
61
Pm
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Promethium
62
Sm
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Samarium
63
Eu
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Europium
64
Gd
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Gadolinium
65
Tb
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Terbium
66
Dy
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Dysprosium
67
Ho
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Holmium
68
Er
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Erbium
69
Tm
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Thulium
70
Yb
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Ytterbium
71
Lu
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Lutetium
89
Ac
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Actinium
90
Th
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Thorium
91
Pa
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Protactinium
92
U
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Uranium
93
Np
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Neptunium
94
Pu
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Plutonium
95
Am
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Americium
96
Cm
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Curium
97
Bk
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Berkelium
98
Cf
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Californium
99
Es
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Einsteinium
100
Fm
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Fermium
101
Md
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Mendelevium
102
No
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Nobelium
103
Lr
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Lawrencium
– d block

Manganese is a d-block element, found in the seventh column and the fourth row of the periodic table. It has the atomic number 25 and is denoted by the symbol Mn.

Element information

Manganese Element
Manganese appearance | Image: Wikipedia
Manganese Periodic Table
Manganese location on periodic table | Image: Learnool
Manganese is found in the seventh column of the periodic table, next to the chromium element.
Origin of name Latin word “magnes” (which means magnet)
Symbol Mn
Atomic number (Z) 25
Atomic mass 54.938044 u
Block d-block
Group 7
Period 4
Classification Transition metal
Atomic radius 127 pm
Covalent radius Low spin: 139±5 pm
High spin: 161±8 pm
Melting point 1246 ℃, 2275 ℉, 1519 K
Boiling point 2061 ℃, 3742 ℉, 2334 K
Electron configuration [Ar] 3d5 4s2
Electrons per shell 2, 8, 13, 2
Learn how to draw: Manganese Bohr model
Crystal structure Body-centered cubic (bcc)
Phase at r.t Solid
Density near r.t 7.21 g/cm3
Main isotopes Manganese-55
Natural occurrence Primordial
Oxidation state +2, +3, +4, +6, +7
Electronegativity (Pauling scale) 1.55
Protons
Neutrons
Electrons
25
30
25
Learn how to find: Manganese protons neutrons electrons
CAS number 7439-96-5
Discovered by Carl Wilhelm Scheele in 1774

History

Carl Wilhelm Scheele | Image: Britannica

Manganese has been known since ancient times, although the element itself was not recognized until the 18th century. The black pigment pyrolusite, which is primarily composed of manganese dioxide, was used in prehistoric cave paintings, indicating that humans were using manganese compounds thousands of years ago. In the 17th century, manganese oxide was used to decolorize glass, and in the 18th century, Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele discovered that the mineral pyrolusite was made up of a new element, which he named “manganese” after the Latin word for magnet, magnes. Later, another Swedish chemist, Johan Gottlieb Gahn, isolated pure manganese metal in 1774 by reducing manganese dioxide with carbon. Since then, manganese has become an important industrial metal, used in a wide range of applications.

Occurrence

Manganese is a naturally occurring element that is found in many minerals and ores. It is the twelfth most abundant element in the Earth’s crust and is widely distributed throughout the world. Manganese is typically found in combination with iron and other elements in rocks and soil. It is also present in seawater and freshwater.

Some of the most common manganese-containing minerals include pyrolusite, rhodochrosite, and braunite. Pyrolusite is the most important ore of manganese, and it is typically found in massive or granular forms. Rhodochrosite is a pink to reddish-brown mineral that is often used as a decorative stone. Braunite is a black mineral that is often found with other manganese minerals.

Production

Manganese is primarily produced from the mineral pyrolusite, which is found in abundance in many parts of the world, including South Africa, Gabon, Australia, and Brazil. The process of extracting manganese from pyrolusite involves a combination of roasting, leaching, and electrolysis.

The first step in the process is to roast the pyrolusite in the presence of air or oxygen. This converts the manganese dioxide (MnO2) in the pyrolusite to manganese oxide (MnO), which is a more reactive form of the element. The next step is to leach the manganese oxide with sulfuric acid, which converts it into manganese sulfate (MnSO4).

The final step in the process is electrolysis, which involves passing an electric current through a solution of manganese sulfate. This causes the manganese to deposit on the cathode, which can then be collected and refined into pure manganese metal.

In addition to the production of pure manganese metal, manganese is also used in the production of ferromanganese and silicomanganese alloys, which are used in the production of steel. These alloys contain varying amounts of manganese, iron, and silicon, and are used to impart specific properties to the steel, such as strength, hardness, and resistance to corrosion.

Properties

Manganese is a hard, silvery-gray metal that is solid at room temperature.

It has a melting point of 1246 ℃ and a boiling point of 2061 ℃.

It is a transition metal with an atomic number of 25 and symbol Mn.

Manganese has a high affinity for oxygen, forming various oxides in the presence of air.

It is a paramagnetic element, meaning that it is weakly attracted to a magnetic field.

It is a relatively active metal, reacting with a variety of acids and halogens.

Manganese has several stable isotopes, with the most abundant being 55Mn, followed by 53Mn, 54Mn, and 52Mn.

Manganese is a key component in many alloys, including stainless steel, aluminum, and copper alloys.

Manganese can exist in several oxidation states ranging from -3 to +7, with the most common being +2, +3, +4, +6, and +7.

Applications

Steel production

Manganese is a crucial element in the production of steel. It improves the strength, toughness, and workability of steel by acting as a deoxidizer and desulfurizer. Manganese also helps to prevent the formation of brittle iron sulfides in steel.

Batteries

Manganese is a key component in the production of lithium-ion batteries, which are used in electronic devices, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems. Manganese oxide is used as a cathode material in these batteries, and its high specific energy allows for longer battery life.

Alloys

Manganese is used as an alloying agent in the production of various alloys, including aluminum alloys and copper alloys. Manganese improves the strength and durability of these alloys, making them more suitable for a range of applications.

Fertilizers

Manganese is an essential nutrient for plants, and it is often included in fertilizers to improve plant growth and development. Manganese helps to activate enzymes involved in photosynthesis and nitrogen metabolism.

Pigments

Manganese compounds are used as pigments in ceramics, paints, and other applications. Manganese dioxide is a black pigment that is used in the production of glass and ceramics, while manganese violet is a purple pigment used in paints and coatings.

Health supplements

Manganese is an essential nutrient for humans, and it is often included in multivitamin supplements. It is required for healthy bone development, and it also plays a role in the metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, and cholesterol.

Interesting facts

The name “manganese” comes from the Greek word “magnesia”, which refers to the region in Greece where the mineral magnetite was first found.

Manganese is the 12th most abundant element in the Earth’s crust.

Manganese is a key element in the production of steel, and its demand is closely linked to the steel industry.

Manganese is also used in the production of batteries, particularly rechargeable lithium-ion batteries used in electric vehicles.

Manganese compounds are used as pigments in paints and ceramics, as well as in fertilizers and animal feed.

Manganese is an essential nutrient for humans and animals, and plays a vital role in many biological processes such as metabolism and bone development.

Manganese deficiency can lead to health problems such as anemia, poor bone health, and impaired growth in children.

Manganese has been used since ancient times for coloring glass and pottery.

In its pure form, manganese is a silvery-gray metal that is quite brittle and can be easily oxidized.

Related

More elements

s block
p block
d block
f block
Barium Aluminium Bohrium Actinium
Beryllium Antimony Cadmium Americium
Caesium Argon Chromium Berkelium
Calcium Arsenic Cobalt Californium
Francium Astatine Copernicium Cerium
Helium Bismuth Copper Curium
Hydrogen Boron Darmstadtium Dysprosium
Lithium Bromine Dubnium Einsteinium
Magnesium Carbon Gold Erbium
Potassium Chlorine Hafnium Europium
Radium Flerovium Hassium Fermium
Rubidium Fluorine Iridium Gadolinium
Sodium Gallium Iron Holmium
Strontium Germanium Lawrencium Lanthanum
Indium Lutetium Mendelevium
Iodine Manganese Neodymium
Krypton Meitnerium Neptunium
Lead Mercury Nobelium
Livermorium Molybdenum Plutonium
Moscovium Nickel Praseodymium
Neon Niobium Promethium
Nihonium Osmium Protactinium
Nitrogen Palladium Samarium
Oganesson Platinum Terbium
Oxygen Rhenium Thorium
Phosphorus Rhodium Thulium
Polonium Roentgenium Uranium
Radon Ruthenium Ytterbium
Selenium Rutherfordium
Silicon Scandium
Sulfur Seaborgium
Tellurium Silver
Tennessine Tantalum
Thallium Technetium
Tin Titanium
Xenon Tungsten
Vanadium
Yttrium
Zinc
Zirconium

External links

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Learnool.com was founded by Deep Rana, who is a mechanical engineer by profession and a blogger by passion. He has a good conceptual knowledge on different educational topics and he provides the same on this website. He loves to learn something new everyday and believes that the best utilization of free time is developing a new skill.

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