Hydrogen

Hydrogen
Hydrogen block | Image: Learnool

Hydrogen (H) is a chemical element of the periodic table, located in the group 1 and the period 1, and is having the atomic number 1. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, highly combustible gas, whose name comes from the Greek word “hydro” and “genes”, which means water forming. It is a reactive nonmetal. It is the lightest element and is the tenth most abundant element on earth.

On periodic table

group 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
period
1 1
H
Hydrogen
2
He
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Helium
2 3
Li
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Lithium
4
Be
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Beryllium
5
B
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Boron
6
C
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Carbon
7
N
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Nitrogen
8
O
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Oxygen
9
F
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Fluorine
10
Ne
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Neon
3 11
Na
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Sodium
12
Mg
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Magnesium
13
Al
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Aluminium
14
Si
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Silicon
15
P
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Phosphorus
16
S
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Sulfur
17
Cl
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Chlorine
18
Ar
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Argon
4 19
K
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Potassium
20
Ca
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Calcium
21
Sc
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Scandium
22
Ti
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Titanium
23
V
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Vanadium
24
Cr
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Chromium
25
Mn
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Manganese
26
Fe
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Iron
27
Co
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Cobalt
28
Ni
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Nickel
29
Cu
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Copper
30
Zn
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Zinc
31
Ga
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Gallium
32
Ge
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Germanium
33
As
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Arsenic
34
Se
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Selenium
35
Br
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Bromine
36
Kr
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Krypton
5 37
Rb
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Rubidium
38
Sr
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Strontium
39
Y
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Yttrium
40
Zr
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Zirconium
41
Nb
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Niobium
42
Mo
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Molybdenum
43
Tc
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Technetium
44
Ru
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Ruthenium
45
Rh
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Rhodium
46
Pd
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Palladium
47
Ag
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Silver
48
Cd
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Cadmium
49
In
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Indium
50
Sn
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Tin
51
Sb
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Antimony
52
Te
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Tellurium
53
I
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Iodine
54
Xe
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Xenon
6 55
Cs
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Caesium
56
Ba
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Barium
72
Hf
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Hafnium
73
Ta
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Tantalum
74
W
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Tungsten
75
Re
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Rhenium
76
Os
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Osmium
77
Ir
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Iridium
78
Pt
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Platinum
79
Au
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Gold
80
Hg
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Mercury
81
Tl
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Thallium
82
Pb
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Lead
83
Bi
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Bismuth
84
Po
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Polonium
85
At
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Astatine
86
Rn
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Radon
7 87
Fr
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Francium
88
Ra
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Radium
104
Rf
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Rutherfordium
105
Db
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Dubnium
106
Sg
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Seaborgium
107
Bh
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Bohrium
108
Hs
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Hassium
109
Mt
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Meitnerium
110
Ds
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Darmstadtium
111
Rg
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Roentgenium
112
Cn
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Copernicium
113
Nh
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Nihonium
114
Fl
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Flerovium
115
Mc
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Moscovium
116
Lv
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Livermorium
117
Ts
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Tennessine
118
Og
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Oganesson
57
La
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Lanthanum
58
Ce
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Cerium
59
Pr
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Praseodymium
60
Nd
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Neodymium
61
Pm
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Promethium
62
Sm
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Samarium
63
Eu
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Europium
64
Gd
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Gadolinium
65
Tb
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Terbium
66
Dy
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Dysprosium
67
Ho
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Holmium
68
Er
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Erbium
69
Tm
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Thulium
70
Yb
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Ytterbium
71
Lu
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Lutetium
89
Ac
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Actinium
90
Th
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Thorium
91
Pa
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Protactinium
92
U
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Uranium
93
Np
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Neptunium
94
Pu
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Plutonium
95
Am
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Americium
96
Cm
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Curium
97
Bk
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Berkelium
98
Cf
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Californium
99
Es
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Einsteinium
100
Fm
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Fermium
101
Md
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Mendelevium
102
No
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Nobelium
103
Lr
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Lawrencium
– s block

Hydrogen is an s-block element, situated in the first column and the first row of the periodic table. Its atomic number is 1 and its symbol is H.

Element information

Hydrogen Element
Hydrogen appearance | Image: Wikipedia
Hydrogen Periodic Table
Hydrogen location on periodic table | Image: Learnool
Hydrogen is found in the first column of the periodic table above the lithium element.
Origin of name Greek word “hydro” and “genes” (which means water forming)
Symbol H
Atomic number (Z) 1
Atomic mass 1.00784 u
Block s-block
Group 1
Period 1
Classification Reactive nonmetal
Covalent radius 31±5 pm
Van der Waals radius 120 pm
Melting point -259.16 ℃, -434.49 ℉, 13.99 K
Boiling point -252.879 ℃, -423.182 ℉, 20.271 K
Electron configuration 1s1
Electrons per shell 1
Learn how to draw: Hydrogen Bohr model
Crystal structure Hexagonal
Phase at r.t Gas
Density near r.t 0.08988 g/L
Main isotopes Hydrogen-1, Hydrogen-2
Natural occurrence Primordial
Oxidation state -1, +1
Electronegativity (Pauling scale) 2.20
Protons
Neutrons
Electrons
1
0
1
Learn how to find: Hydrogen protons neutrons electrons
Valence electrons 1
Learn how to find: Hydrogen valence electrons
CAS number 12385-13-6
Discovered by Henry Cavendish in 1766

History

Henry Cavendish | Image: Wikipedia

The history of hydrogen dates back to the early 16th century when the Swiss physician and alchemist Paracelsus discovered that the gas produced when certain metals react with acids could be ignited, and that the resulting flame was not due to the metal but to a new substance, which he named gas sylvestre.

In the late 1700s, the British scientist Henry Cavendish isolated hydrogen gas in its pure form, and he was the first to recognize it as a distinct element. In 1783, French chemist Antoine Lavoisier also identified hydrogen as a distinct element and named it “hydrogen” from the Greek words “hydro” meaning “water” and “genes” meaning “forming.” Lavoisier and his colleague, Pierre-Simon Laplace, conducted experiments on the combustion of hydrogen and determined that water was produced as a result.

Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, scientists continued to study and explore the properties and uses of hydrogen. In the early 20th century, the German chemist Fritz Haber developed a process to produce ammonia from hydrogen and nitrogen, which revolutionized the production of fertilizers and helped to increase food production. In the mid-20th century, the development of fuel cells, which generate electricity from the reaction of hydrogen with oxygen, opened up new possibilities for the use of hydrogen as a clean and efficient energy source.

Today, hydrogen is used in a wide range of applications, from fueling rockets and producing fertilizers, to powering fuel cells and serving as a potential energy storage medium for renewable energy sources like solar and wind power. As the world continues to seek more sustainable and environmentally friendly sources of energy, the history and potential of hydrogen as a key element in the energy mix continues to be of great interest to scientists, engineers, and policymakers.

Occurrence and production

Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe, accounting for about 75% of its elemental mass. However, on Earth, it is relatively rare in its pure form. It is usually found combined with other elements, such as oxygen in water, carbon in methane, and nitrogen in ammonia. Hydrogen is also present in the Earth’s atmosphere in small quantities, mostly as molecular hydrogen, but also as atomic hydrogen and hydrogen ions.

Hydrogen can be produced from a variety of sources, including natural gas, coal, and water. The most common method of producing hydrogen is through steam methane reforming, which involves reacting natural gas with steam to produce hydrogen and carbon dioxide. Another method is through the gasification of coal, which produces a mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and other gases. Hydrogen can also be produced through electrolysis of water, using electricity to split water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen. Other methods of producing hydrogen include biomass gasification, which converts organic materials into hydrogen and other gases, and photolysis, which uses sunlight to split water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen.

Properties

Hydrogen has an atomic number of 1 and a standard atomic weight of 1.0078, which makes it the simplest and lightest of all elements.

It has a very low boiling point of -252.879 ℃ and a very low melting point of -259.16 ℃.

Hydrogen is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas at room temperature and standard pressure.

It is highly flammable and can ignite at concentrations as low as 4% in air.

Hydrogen is a diatomic molecule, meaning that it exists as H2 in its natural state.

It is a highly reactive element and can form bonds with most other elements, including metals, nonmetals, and metalloids.

Hydrogen gas is less dense than air and is highly buoyant, which makes it useful for filling balloons and airships.

Applications

Hydrogen is used as a fuel in combustion engines, such as in cars and buses, to generate power. It can also be used to generate electricity in fuel cells.

Hydrogen is used in the production of ammonia, which is an important component in fertilizers.

Hydrogen is used in the refining of crude oil, to remove sulfur and other impurities from petroleum products.

Hydrogen is used in the manufacturing of semiconductors and electronics.

Hydrogen is used in the production of methanol, which is a key ingredient in the production of chemicals and plastics.

Hydrogen is used in the production of hydrogen peroxide, which is used as a disinfectant, bleaching agent, and in the manufacture of other chemicals.

Hydrogen is used in welding and cutting processes in the metalworking industry.

Hydrogen is used in the food industry for the hydrogenation of oils and fats, which is used in the production of margarine, for example.

Hydrogen can also be used as a reducing agent in various chemical processes.

Hydrogen is used in scientific research as a tracer gas in various experiments.

Interesting facts

Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe, accounting for about 75% of its elemental mass.

Despite being the most abundant element in the universe, hydrogen is relatively rare on Earth in its elemental form.

Hydrogen gas is extremely flammable and can ignite spontaneously in air.

Hydrogen has the highest energy content per unit of weight of any known fuel, making it a potentially valuable source of energy.

Hydrogen has many potential applications, including fuel cells for transportation, power generation, and energy storage.

Hydrogen gas was first produced by the British chemist Henry Cavendish in 1766 by reacting metals with acids.

The name “hydrogen” comes from the Greek words “hydro” meaning water and “genes” meaning forming, as hydrogen was first discovered in the formation of water.

Hydrogen is used in the production of many important chemicals, including ammonia, methanol, and petroleum products.

In its liquid form, hydrogen is one of the coldest substances known, with a boiling point of -252.879 ℃ or -423.182 ℉.

Related

More elements

s block
p block
d block
f block
Barium Aluminium Bohrium Actinium
Beryllium Antimony Cadmium Americium
Caesium Argon Chromium Berkelium
Calcium Arsenic Cobalt Californium
Francium Astatine Copernicium Cerium
Helium Bismuth Copper Curium
Hydrogen Boron Darmstadtium Dysprosium
Lithium Bromine Dubnium Einsteinium
Magnesium Carbon Gold Erbium
Potassium Chlorine Hafnium Europium
Radium Flerovium Hassium Fermium
Rubidium Fluorine Iridium Gadolinium
Sodium Gallium Iron Holmium
Strontium Germanium Lawrencium Lanthanum
Indium Lutetium Mendelevium
Iodine Manganese Neodymium
Krypton Meitnerium Neptunium
Lead Mercury Nobelium
Livermorium Molybdenum Plutonium
Moscovium Nickel Praseodymium
Neon Niobium Promethium
Nihonium Osmium Protactinium
Nitrogen Palladium Samarium
Oganesson Platinum Terbium
Oxygen Rhenium Thorium
Phosphorus Rhodium Thulium
Polonium Roentgenium Uranium
Radon Ruthenium Ytterbium
Selenium Rutherfordium
Silicon Scandium
Sulfur Seaborgium
Tellurium Silver
Tennessine Tantalum
Thallium Technetium
Tin Titanium
Xenon Tungsten
Vanadium
Yttrium
Zinc
Zirconium

External links

Deep

Learnool.com was founded by Deep Rana, who is a mechanical engineer by profession and a blogger by passion. He has a good conceptual knowledge on different educational topics and he provides the same on this website. He loves to learn something new everyday and believes that the best utilization of free time is developing a new skill.

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