Palladium

Palladium
Palladium block

Palladium (Pd) is a chemical element of the periodic table, located in the group 10 and the period 5, and has the atomic number 46. It is a rare, lustrous, silvery-white transition metal, which is named after the asteroid Pallas.

On periodic table

group 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
period
1 1
H
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Hydrogen
2
He
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Helium
2 3
Li
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Lithium
4
Be
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Beryllium
5
B
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Boron
6
C
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Carbon
7
N
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Nitrogen
8
O
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Oxygen
9
F
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Fluorine
10
Ne
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Neon
3 11
Na
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Sodium
12
Mg
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Magnesium
13
Al
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Aluminium
14
Si
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Silicon
15
P
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Phosphorus
16
S
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Sulfur
17
Cl
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Chlorine
18
Ar
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Argon
4 19
K
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Potassium
20
Ca
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Calcium
21
Sc
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Scandium
22
Ti
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Titanium
23
V
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Vanadium
24
Cr
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Chromium
25
Mn
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Manganese
26
Fe
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Iron
27
Co
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Cobalt
28
Ni
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Nickel
29
Cu
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Copper
30
Zn
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Zinc
31
Ga
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Gallium
32
Ge
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Germanium
33
As
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Arsenic
34
Se
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Selenium
35
Br
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Bromine
36
Kr
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Krypton
5 37
Rb
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Rubidium
38
Sr
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Strontium
39
Y
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Yttrium
40
Zr
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Zirconium
41
Nb
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Niobium
42
Mo
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Molybdenum
43
Tc
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Technetium
44
Ru
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Ruthenium
45
Rh
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Rhodium
46
Pd
Palladium
47
Ag
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Silver
48
Cd
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Cadmium
49
In
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Indium
50
Sn
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Tin
51
Sb
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Antimony
52
Te
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Tellurium
53
I
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Iodine
54
Xe
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Xenon
6 55
Cs
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Caesium
56
Ba
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Barium
72
Hf
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Hafnium
73
Ta
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Tantalum
74
W
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Tungsten
75
Re
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Rhenium
76
Os
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Osmium
77
Ir
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Iridium
78
Pt
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Platinum
79
Au
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Gold
80
Hg
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Mercury
81
Tl
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Thallium
82
Pb
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Lead
83
Bi
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Bismuth
84
Po
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Polonium
85
At
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Astatine
86
Rn
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Radon
7 87
Fr
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Francium
88
Ra
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Radium
104
Rf
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Rutherfordium
105
Db
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Dubnium
106
Sg
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Seaborgium
107
Bh
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Bohrium
108
Hs
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Hassium
109
Mt
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Meitnerium
110
Ds
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Darmstadtium
111
Rg
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Roentgenium
112
Cn
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Copernicium
113
Nh
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Nihonium
114
Fl
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Flerovium
115
Mc
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Moscovium
116
Lv
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Livermorium
117
Ts
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Tennessine
118
Og
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Oganesson
57
La
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Lanthanum
58
Ce
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Cerium
59
Pr
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Praseodymium
60
Nd
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Neodymium
61
Pm
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Promethium
62
Sm
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Samarium
63
Eu
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Europium
64
Gd
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Gadolinium
65
Tb
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Terbium
66
Dy
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Dysprosium
67
Ho
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Holmium
68
Er
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Erbium
69
Tm
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Thulium
70
Yb
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Ytterbium
71
Lu
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Lutetium
89
Ac
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Actinium
90
Th
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Thorium
91
Pa
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Protactinium
92
U
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Uranium
93
Np
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Neptunium
94
Pu
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Plutonium
95
Am
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Americium
96
Cm
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Curium
97
Bk
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Berkelium
98
Cf
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Californium
99
Es
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Einsteinium
100
Fm
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Fermium
101
Md
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Mendelevium
102
No
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Nobelium
103
Lr
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Lawrencium
– d block

Palladium is a d-block element, found in the tenth column and the fifth row of the periodic table. It has the atomic number 46 and is denoted by the symbol Pd.

Element information

Palladium Element
Palladium appearance | source: Wikipedia
Palladium Periodic Table
Palladium location on periodic table
Palladium is found in the tenth column of the periodic table, next to the rhodium element.
Origin of name named after asteroid Pallas
Symbol Pd
Atomic number (Z) 46
Atomic mass 106.42 u
Block d-block
Group 10
Period 5
Classification Transition metal
Atomic radius 137 pm
Covalent radius 139±6 pm
Van der Waals radius 163 pm
Melting point 1554.9 ℃, 2830.82 ℉, 1828.05 K
Boiling point 2963 ℃, 5365 ℉, 3236 K
Electron configuration [Kr] 4d10
Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 18
Crystal structure Face-centered cubic (fcc)
Phase at r.t Solid
Density near r.t 12.023 g/cm3
Main isotopes Palladium-102, Palladium-104, Palladium-105, Palladium-106, Palladium-108, Palladium-110
Natural occurrence Primordial
Oxidation state 0, +2, +4
Electronegativity (Pauling scale) 2.20
Protons
Neutrons
Electrons
46
60
46
CAS number 7440-05-3
Discovered by WilliamWilliam Hyde Wollaston in 1802

History

William Hyde Wollaston | source: Linda Hall Library

Palladium was discovered in 1803 by the English chemist William Hyde Wollaston while he was analyzing samples of platinum ore from South America. During his investigation, Wollaston observed a new metal that he initially thought was a platinum byproduct. He named the metal after the asteroid Pallas, which had been discovered two years earlier.

However, Wollaston was not the only one who discovered palladium. Another chemist, Richard Chenevix, also reported the discovery of a new metal from platinum ore samples in 1803. Chenevix named the metal “palladium” after Pallas Athena, the goddess of wisdom in Greek mythology.

It was later discovered that Wollaston and Chenevix had actually discovered the same metal independently, and the naming discrepancy occurred because they published their findings in different journals. Despite this, the name “palladium” became widely accepted and continues to be used today.

Occurrence and production

Palladium is found in nature as a free metal and alloyed with other metals such as gold, silver, nickel, and copper. The major producers of palladium are Russia, South Africa, and Canada, with smaller amounts produced in the United States and other countries.

Palladium is primarily extracted from mines that produce platinum and nickel ores. The process involves separating palladium from other metals in the ore through a series of chemical reactions and processes, including smelting, refining, and electroplating. Recycling of palladium from waste streams such as spent catalytic converters is also an important source of palladium production.

Properties

Palladium is a silvery-white, lustrous metal with a face-centered cubic crystal structure and a density of 12.023 g/cm3.

It has a melting point of 1554.9 ℃ and a boiling point of 2963 ℃.

Palladium is one of the least reactive metals, and is resistant to corrosion and tarnishing at ordinary temperatures.

It has a high catalytic activity and is commonly used as a catalyst in various industrial processes, such as petroleum refining, synthetic rubber production, and the production of nitric acid.

Palladium has excellent hydrogen storage properties, making it a promising material for use in fuel cells and hydrogen storage devices.

It also has a high electrical conductivity and is used in the electronics industry for electrical contacts, switches, and connectors.

Palladium is one of the six platinum group metals and is often found along with other platinum group metals, particularly in the ores of nickel and copper.

It has numerous isotopes, with the most stable being palladium-106 which has a half-life of 5.3 million years.

Palladium is considered a precious metal and is used in jewelry making, often alloyed with gold and silver to create white gold or other alloys.

Applications

Palladium is widely used in catalysis, particularly in automotive catalytic converters, where it helps to convert harmful pollutants in car exhaust into less harmful substances.

Palladium is also used in electronics, as it is a good conductor of electricity and can be used in capacitors, resistors, and other electronic components.

Palladium is used in the jewelry industry, often as a substitute for more expensive metals such as platinum and white gold.

Palladium is used in dentistry for making crowns and other dental work, as it is biocompatible and can be used in the body without causing harm.

Palladium is used in hydrogen purification, as it can absorb hydrogen gas and remove impurities.

Palladium is used in the production of chemicals such as acetic acid and methanol.

Palladium is used in the production of high-end watches due to its resistance to tarnishing and corrosion.

Palladium is used in the production of fuel cells, which can convert hydrogen and oxygen into electricity without producing harmful emissions.

Palladium is used in the production of alloys, particularly with platinum and other platinum-group metals, to improve their mechanical properties and resistance to corrosion.

Interesting facts

Palladium is one of the “platinum group” elements, along with ruthenium, rhodium, osmium, iridium, and platinum itself.

It has the lowest melting point and density of all the platinum group elements.

Palladium is used in many industrial applications, such as catalytic converters in automobiles, electronics, and jewelry making.

In 2020, palladium had a higher market value than gold, making it one of the most valuable precious metals.

Palladium is also used in dentistry for making crowns and bridges due to its biocompatibility and resistance to corrosion.

Palladium has been found to have antimicrobial properties and is being studied for potential use in medical implants.

The name palladium comes from the asteroid Pallas, which was discovered two years before the element itself was discovered.

Palladium has the ability to absorb up to 900 times its own volume of hydrogen gas, which makes it useful for hydrogen storage in fuel cells.

Related

More elements

s block
p block
d block
f block
Barium Aluminium Bohrium Actinium
Beryllium Antimony Cadmium Americium
Caesium Argon Chromium Berkelium
Calcium Arsenic Cobalt Californium
Francium Astatine Copernicium Cerium
Helium Bismuth Copper Curium
Hydrogen Boron Darmstadtium Dysprosium
Lithium Bromine Dubnium Einsteinium
Magnesium Carbon Gold Erbium
Potassium Chlorine Hafnium Europium
Radium Flerovium Hassium Fermium
Rubidium Fluorine Iridium Gadolinium
Sodium Gallium Iron Holmium
Strontium Germanium Lawrencium Lanthanum
Indium Lutetium Mendelevium
Iodine Manganese Neodymium
Krypton Meitnerium Neptunium
Lead Mercury Nobelium
Livermorium Molybdenum Plutonium
Moscovium Nickel Praseodymium
Neon Niobium Promethium
Nihonium Osmium Protactinium
Nitrogen Palladium Samarium
Oganesson Platinum Terbium
Oxygen Rhenium Thorium
Phosphorus Rhodium Thulium
Polonium Roentgenium Uranium
Radon Ruthenium Ytterbium
Selenium Rutherfordium
Silicon Scandium
Sulfur Seaborgium
Tellurium Silver
Tennessine Tantalum
Thallium Technetium
Tin Titanium
Xenon Tungsten
Vanadium
Yttrium
Zinc
Zirconium

External links

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Learnool.com was founded by Deep Rana, who is a mechanical engineer by profession and a blogger by passion. He has a good conceptual knowledge on different educational topics and he provides the same on this website. He loves to learn something new everyday and believes that the best utilization of free time is developing a new skill.

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