Titanium (Ti) is a chemical element of the periodic table, located in the group 4 and the period 4, and is having the atomic number 22. It is a hard, lustrous, silvery-white transition metal, which is named for the Titans of Greek mythology. It is the ninth most abundant element on earth and is counted as one of the rare earth elements.
On periodic table
| group | ⇨ | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 |
| period | ⇩ | ||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | 1 H  Hydrogen |
2 He  Helium |
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| 2 | 3 Li  Lithium |
4 Be  Beryllium |
5 B  Boron |
6 C  Carbon |
7 N  Nitrogen |
8 O  Oxygen |
9 F  Fluorine |
10 Ne  Neon |
|||||||||||
| 3 | 11 Na  Sodium |
12 Mg  Magnesium |
13 Al  Aluminium |
14 Si  Silicon |
15 P  Phosphorus |
16 S  Sulfur |
17 Cl  Chlorine |
18 Ar  Argon |
|||||||||||
| 4 | 19 K  Potassium |
20 Ca  Calcium |
21 Sc  Scandium |
22 Ti Titanium |
23 V  Vanadium |
24 Cr  Chromium |
25 Mn  Manganese |
26 Fe  Iron |
27 Co  Cobalt |
28 Ni  Nickel |
29 Cu  Copper |
30 Zn  Zinc |
31 Ga  Gallium |
32 Ge  Germanium |
33 As  Arsenic |
34 Se  Selenium |
35 Br  Bromine |
36 Kr  Krypton |
|
| 5 | 37 Rb  Rubidium |
38 Sr  Strontium |
39 Y  Yttrium |
40 Zr  Zirconium |
41 Nb  Niobium |
42 Mo  Molybdenum |
43 Tc  Technetium |
44 Ru  Ruthenium |
45 Rh  Rhodium |
46 Pd  Palladium |
47 Ag  Silver |
48 Cd  Cadmium |
49 In  Indium |
50 Sn  Tin |
51 Sb  Antimony |
52 Te  Tellurium |
53 I  Iodine |
54 Xe  Xenon |
|
| 6 | 55 Cs  Caesium |
56 Ba  Barium |
72 Hf  Hafnium |
73 Ta  Tantalum |
74 W  Tungsten |
75 Re  Rhenium |
76 Os  Osmium |
77 Ir  Iridium |
78 Pt  Platinum |
79 Au  Gold |
80 Hg  Mercury |
81 Tl  Thallium |
82 Pb  Lead |
83 Bi  Bismuth |
84 Po  Polonium |
85 At  Astatine |
86 Rn  Radon |
||
| 7 | 87 Fr  Francium |
88 Ra  Radium |
104 Rf  Rutherfordium |
105 Db  Dubnium |
106 Sg  Seaborgium |
107 Bh  Bohrium |
108 Hs  Hassium |
109 Mt  Meitnerium |
110 Ds  Darmstadtium |
111 Rg  Roentgenium |
112 Cn  Copernicium |
113 Nh  Nihonium |
114 Fl  Flerovium |
115 Mc  Moscovium |
116 Lv  Livermorium |
117 Ts  Tennessine |
118 Og  Oganesson |
||
| 57 La  Lanthanum |
58 Ce  Cerium |
59 Pr  Praseodymium |
60 Nd  Neodymium |
61 Pm  Promethium |
62 Sm  Samarium |
63 Eu  Europium |
64 Gd  Gadolinium |
65 Tb  Terbium |
66 Dy  Dysprosium |
67 Ho  Holmium |
68 Er  Erbium |
69 Tm  Thulium |
70 Yb  Ytterbium |
71 Lu  Lutetium |
|||||
| 89 Ac  Actinium |
90 Th  Thorium |
91 Pa  Protactinium |
92 U  Uranium |
93 Np  Neptunium |
94 Pu  Plutonium |
95 Am  Americium |
96 Cm  Curium |
97 Bk  Berkelium |
98 Cf  Californium |
99 Es  Einsteinium |
100 Fm  Fermium |
101 Md  Mendelevium |
102 No  Nobelium |
103 Lr  Lawrencium |
|||||
| – d block |
Titanium is a d-block element, situated in the fourth column and the fourth row of the periodic table. Its atomic number is 22 and its symbol is Ti.
Element information
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| Origin of name | named after the Titans of Greek mythology |
| Symbol | Ti |
| Atomic number (Z) | 22 |
| Atomic mass | 47.867 u |
| Block | d-block |
| Group | 4 |
| Period | 4 |
| Classification | Transition metal |
| Atomic radius | 147 pm |
| Covalent radius | 160±8 pm |
| Melting point | 1668 ℃, 3034 ℉, 1941 K |
| Boiling point | 3287 ℃, 5949 ℉, 3560 K |
| Electron configuration | [Ar] 3d2 4s2 |
| Electrons per shell | 2, 8, 10, 2 |
| Learn how to draw: Titanium Bohr model | |
| Crystal structure | Hexagonal close-packed (hcp) |
| Phase at r.t | Solid |
| Density near r.t | 4.506 g/cm3 |
| Main isotopes | Titanium-46, Titanium-47, Titanium-48, Titanium-49, Titanium-50 |
| Natural occurrence | Primordial |
| Oxidation state | +2, +3, +4 |
| Electronegativity (Pauling scale) | 1.54 |
| Protons Neutrons Electrons |
22 26 22 |
| Learn how to find: Titanium protons neutrons electrons | |
| CAS number | 7440-32-6 |
| Discovered by | LarsWilliam Gregor in 1791 |
History
The history of titanium dates back to the early 1790s when William Gregor, an amateur mineralogist in Cornwall, England, discovered a black, magnetic sand that he couldn’t identify. He sent the sand to the Reverend William Wollaston, a chemist in London, who confirmed that it contained a new element, which he named “titanium” after the Titans of Greek mythology.
However, it was not until 1910 when a pure titanium sample was obtained by Matthew A. Hunter, an American metallurgist. He produced it by heating titanium tetrachloride with sodium in a steel bomb at high temperatures. In 1932, a process called the “Kroll process” was developed by William Kroll, which allowed for the large-scale production of titanium and its alloys. This process involves the reduction of titanium tetrachloride with magnesium, followed by the removal of magnesium chloride by fractional distillation.
Since its discovery, titanium has become an important material for a wide range of applications due to its unique properties. Today, it is used in various industries, including aerospace, automotive, medical, and sports equipment.
Occurrence and production
Titanium is the ninth-most abundant element in the Earth’s crust, with an average abundance of about 0.60%. It is found in igneous rocks such as basalt, gabbro, and peridotite, as well as in sedimentary rocks such as sandstone and rutile. It is also present in minerals such as ilmenite and titanite.
The most common method for producing titanium is the Kroll process, which was invented in 1940 by William Kroll. In this process, titanium tetrachloride is reduced with magnesium to produce titanium sponge, which can be melted and cast into various shapes. Another method for producing titanium is the FFC Cambridge process, which uses a molten salt electrolyte to produce titanium directly from its oxide ores. Both of these methods require significant energy inputs and are therefore relatively expensive.
Properties
Titanium is a strong, lustrous, and lightweight metal with a silver color and low density.
The melting point of titanium is 1668 ℃, and its boiling point is 3287 ℃.
Titanium is paramagnetic, which means it is weakly attracted to magnetic fields.
It has a high strength-to-weight ratio, making it useful in various applications.
Titanium is highly resistant to corrosion due to the formation of a thin, protective oxide layer on its surface.
It is a good conductor of heat and electricity.
Titanium exhibits different oxidation states, with the most common being +2, +3, and +4.
It forms alloys with other metals, such as aluminum, vanadium, and iron, to enhance their properties.
Applications
Aerospace industry
Titanium’s high strength-to-weight ratio, corrosion resistance, and ability to withstand high temperatures make it an ideal choice for aerospace applications such as aircraft frames, jet engines, and missiles.
Medical implants
Titanium is biocompatible, non-toxic, and non-allergenic, which makes it suitable for use in medical implants such as joint replacements, dental implants, and pacemakers.
Automotive industry
Due to its high strength, durability, and corrosion resistance, titanium is used in the automotive industry for various applications such as engine valves, connecting rods, and suspension springs.
Architecture
The aesthetic appearance and durability of titanium make it an attractive option for architectural applications such as cladding, roofing, and facades.
Sports equipment
The strength, durability, and light weight of titanium make it an ideal material for various sports equipment such as golf clubs, tennis rackets, and bicycle frames.
Chemical processing
Titanium’s resistance to corrosion makes it an ideal choice for use in chemical processing equipment such as reactors, heat exchangers, and piping.
Electronics
Titanium’s ability to form stable oxide layers makes it suitable for use in electronics applications such as capacitors and resistors.
Interesting facts
Titanium was named after the Titans of Greek mythology, known for their strength and durability.
Titanium is the only element that burns in a pure nitrogen atmosphere.
Titanium is widely used in the aerospace industry due to its high strength-to-weight ratio and resistance to corrosion.
Despite its strength, titanium is also highly ductile and can be easily formed into various shapes.
Titanium has the ability to bond with human bone, making it a popular material for medical implants.
The largest producers of titanium are China, Russia, Japan, and the United States.
The production of titanium involves several steps including extraction from ores, purification, and reduction to its metallic form.
Titanium has a relatively low toxicity and is considered safe for use in various applications.
Related
More elements
External links
- https://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/22/titanium
- https://www.britannica.com/science/titanium
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium
- https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/Titanium
- https://www.chemicool.com/elements/titanium.html
- https://sciencenotes.org/titanium-facts/
- https://chemistrytalk.org/titanium-element/
- https://www.livescience.com/29103-titanium.html
Deep
Learnool.com was founded by Deep Rana, who is a mechanical engineer by profession and a blogger by passion. He has a good conceptual knowledge on different educational topics and he provides the same on this website. He loves to learn something new everyday and believes that the best utilization of free time is developing a new skill.